Runescape has a better economy then GW, how come?

mr_groovy

mr_groovy

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Jun 2006

Netherlands

No Inherent Effect [NiE]

Quote:
Originally Posted by Terraban
I tried to use a translator to understand what you were trying to say, but I couldn't figure out what language you are using.

And to the other person trying to attack me...if you would have read my original reply, the comment about pressing buttons over and over is true, even for you are playing through the game, and needing to rethink your build for each area, you are still in fact physically pressing buttons, over and over.

The comment about farming, if you would have read, was just comparing how someone said that farming in RS is brainless, I replied by showing how brainless farming is in GW.

And if you think that all I do/did on GW is farm, then you are a sadly mistaken puppy.
Pff do I have to spell out for you >.>.

Loot scaling was supposed to work that if you had less party members then the amount allowed in an instance say 1/8. You would get less drops. But still more drops then if you would go with a full team.
However this is not how loot scaling works from my, and many other people experiences. Instead of scaling it to the amount of people allowed in to an instance, it also scales on how fast you kill a foe, and how many at the same time.
You probably noticed that if you for instance do a E/me smite run (if you don't know this look it up >.>) and you kill 4 groups of smites at the same time you almost get no drops. Now go and do any elite mission with a full 8 or 12 man team. If you kill all of them at the same time, the drops are the same. Except fact that from the 4 drops you get, you still need to share them with a full party.
Conclusion Anet FAILS at loot scaling.

Terraban

Terraban

Krytan Explorer

Join Date: Dec 2007

Quote:
Originally Posted by mr_groovy
Pff do I have to spell out for you >.>.

Loot scaling was supposed to work that if you had less party members then the amount allowed in an instance say 1/8. You would get less drops. But still more drops then if you would go with a full team.
However this is not how loot scaling works from my, and many other people experiences. Instead of scaling it to the amount of people allowed in to an instance, it also scales on how fast you kill a foe, and how many at the same time.
You probably noticed that if you for instance do a E/me smite run (if you don't know this look it up >.>) and you kill 4 groups of smites at the same time you almost get no drops. Now go and do any elite mission with a full 8 or 12 man team. If you kill all of them at the same time, the drops are the same. Except fact that from the 4 drops you get, you still need to share them with a full party.
Conclusion Anet FAILS at loot scaling.
Pretty sure that someone did a test proving that wrong....I'll find a link in a sec.

Here ya go http://www.guildwarsguru.com/forum/s...php?t=10225077

mr_groovy

mr_groovy

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Jun 2006

Netherlands

No Inherent Effect [NiE]

That's soj vs Spoil viktor >.>

It proves nothing. Because with soj and with sv you don't kill them at the same time as ss or spike. And it really doesn't compare 1 man vs 8 man.
I've been playing this game for over 2 years now. I've farmed a fair share of that time, and done a lot of full team stuff too. Loot scaling doesn't work how it suppose to be working >.>

Terraban

Terraban

Krytan Explorer

Join Date: Dec 2007

Quote:
Originally Posted by mr_groovy
That's soj vs Spoil viktor >.>

It proves nothing. Because with soj and with sv you don't kill them at the same time as ss or spike. And it really doesn't compare 1 man vs 8 man.
Quote:
However this is not how loot scaling works from my, and many other people experiences. Instead of scaling it to the amount of people allowed in to an instance, it also scales on how fast you kill a foe, and how many at the same time.
You kill them at the same time with SoJ, you kill them one at a time with SV, that thread totally kills any point you have with "how fast you kill a foe, and how many at the same time"

And if you don't know that Shield of Judgment kills them all at approximately the same time, you haven't farmed nearly as much as you claim to.

Lootscaling works exactly how it is supposed to, it just doesn't work how you want it to.

Loviatar

Underworld Spelunker

Join Date: Feb 2005

Quote:
Quote:
Originally Posted by mr_groovy
Conclusion Anet FAILS at loot scaling.
wrong period.

i kill groups with 1 shot instakill and at LEAST half if not more drop something for me.

second it was designed to limit gold over time spent as well as simply common items/gold overall

not even considering the huge loophole called the *EXEMPTION LIST*

the only fail are the splinter group playing GOLD/ECTO/ARMBRACE WARS and have forgotten there is a actual game to play besides i have it you dont epeen

trialist

Core Guru

Join Date: Feb 2005

I have said it before but GW's economy is actually just made up of two things, greed and stupidity. The greedy sell high and the stupid (and perhaps desperate) buy high and the cycle repeats. In the event of no stupid people to exploit sell to merchants.

Pretty much GW's economy in a nutshell, and this greedy/stupid vicious cycle is fueled by the non-existance of a central place for players to trade with each other, requiring people to spam to buy or sell, which just facilitates the greedy/stupid relationship even more. Since you can't really tell if you are being overselled to unless you go out of your way to check at forums or whatever other sources you have.

I guess the "problem" people have nowadays is that people have gotten smarter/less desperate and the greedy can't really exploit the stupid like in the old days, hence the whine of a bad economy. This is just my view, take it however you want.

Numa Pompilius

Numa Pompilius

Grotto Attendant

Join Date: May 2005

At an Insit.. Intis... a house.

Live Forever Or Die Trying [GLHF]

W/Me

The OP and several other here feel that "good economy" = "ability to buy whatever prestige armor/weapon I want without grinding".

That's... uh, a novel way of looking at it.

Then we have some farmers here who bitch and moan that everything is too cheap, so they don't get as rich as they deserve by virtue of their farming, AND that drop rate is too low.

Which is also... um, a unusual point of view.

And completely opposed to the first one.

It's a damn good thing that the players usually don't make the calls on GW economy, and it's an even better thing that the GW economy is actually irrelevant to the actual playing of the game.

Magikarp

Magikarp

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Nov 2007

[HAWK]

if you think the economy is better in runescape, which it isnt, please go play runescape, and give me all your stuff.


i know people that have been playing since after NF, meaning very late in the campaigns, with multiple FoW sets, and tormented blah blah blah. its called work.

do it, i heard you get things.

Terraban

Terraban

Krytan Explorer

Join Date: Dec 2007

Quote:
Originally Posted by Magikarp
if you think the economy is better in runescape, which it isnt, please go play runescape, and give me all your stuff.


i know people that have been playing since after NF, meaning very late in the campaigns, with multiple FoW sets, and tormented blah blah blah. its called work.

do it, i heard you get things.
No, it is called a video game.

Not a Work Simulator.

Aldric

Wilds Pathfinder

Join Date: Jul 2007

[IG]

R/

Quote:
Originally Posted by fanatic 's faith
I have 3000hours of playing GW, this isnt about selling crap for 250e.
I don't see a need for fow either. Just saying IMO the economy ATM sucks.
Virtually every item can be bought for very little cash at all . At the same time cash can be obtained very easily by various means.

How is the current economy bad ?

mr_groovy

mr_groovy

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Jun 2006

Netherlands

No Inherent Effect [NiE]

Ok it seems I'm doing it wrong with my teams.

Could you please give me an idea on how, in an instance, we in a full team for that instance still get get every foe to drop loot? Because all full teams I have been into that is just not happening.

Soj doesn't kill mixed group foes all at the same time, maybe only the silly cows in elona reach. Then again who the hell wants to farm that?

Being ontopic again: The economy isn't as good as it used to be because:
a) Most "experienced" players either all ready have the items they ever wanted, or are no longer playing this game.
b) Loot scaling hurt the "casual" farmer, and the "experienced" farmer.
Casual farmers earn less by farming, or quit farming all together because it doesn't make enough money to be bothered with.(merching).
Experienced farmers that farm for the items see a more people farming for the same item, resulting in a higher amount of items then demand. Which all results in item devaluation.
C) With all devaluation, the elite armors still have a set price. So it's harder for the average people to get.
d) The whole duping ambraces /ecto's and what not fiasco was never solved properly. No way that all the duped items were discared from the game by banning those few players. Then the exploit for the mallyx outpost also chipped in to the ambrace market. And since allmost all the bears unite on doa these days, it will not take long until it ambraces are sold for 100K each.

Nightmare_Pwner

Nightmare_Pwner

Banned

Join Date: Jul 2007

Anime FTW

GUIlD [AMp]

W/Mo

lol RED ENGINE GORED ENGINE GORED ENGINE GORED ENGINE GO RS theyre new trade system sucks ass. like its so dumb now

Pandora's box

Pandora's box

Jungle Guide

Join Date: Apr 2005

Netherlands

Mo/W

Opp: 90% of the runescape players are 12-14 year old kids. The other 10% are clever players who make good -real- money in the game and therefore control the economy. There, your answer!

Numa Pompilius

Numa Pompilius

Grotto Attendant

Join Date: May 2005

At an Insit.. Intis... a house.

Live Forever Or Die Trying [GLHF]

W/Me

Quote:
Originally Posted by Aldric
Virtually every item can be bought for very little cash at all . At the same time cash can be obtained very easily by various means.
Spot on.
Quote:
How is the current economy bad ?
The people complaining fall into one of two camps:

1) the people who can not afford their n'th prestige armor and/or prestige pet and are annoyed that other people can afford it.
2) the people who CAN afford their n'th prestige armor and prestige pet and don't want anyone else to be able to afford it.

Bryant Again

Bryant Again

Hall Hero

Join Date: Feb 2006

Quote:
Originally Posted by Terraban
No, it is called a video game.

Not a Work Simulator.
And you can still play this game in every aspect just as good as someone in FoW armor with a Crystalline sword.

Aldric

Wilds Pathfinder

Join Date: Jul 2007

[IG]

R/

Quote:
Originally Posted by mr_groovy
Ok it seems I'm doing it wrong with my teams.

Could you please give me an idea on how, in an instance, we in a full team for that instance still get get every foe to drop loot? Because all full teams I have been into that is just not happening.

Soj doesn't kill mixed group foes all at the same time, maybe only the silly cows in elona reach. Then again who the hell wants to farm that?

Being ontopic again: The economy isn't as good as it used to be because:
a) Most "experienced" players either all ready have the items they ever wanted, or are no longer playing this game.
b) Loot scaling hurt the "casual" farmer, and the "experienced" farmer.
Casual farmers earn less by farming, or quit farming all together because it doesn't make enough money to be bothered with.(merching).
Experienced farmers that farm for the items see a more people farming for the same item, resulting in a higher amount of items then demand. Which all results in item devaluation.
C) With all devaluation, the elite armors still have a set price. So it's harder for the average people to get.
d) The whole duping ambraces /ecto's and what not fiasco was never solved properly. No way that all the duped items were discared from the game by banning those few players. Then the exploit for the mallyx outpost also chipped in to the ambrace market. And since allmost all the bears unite on doa these days, it will not take long until it ambraces are sold for 100K each.
a) Is fairly irrelevant to the issue.
b) Devaluation is bad why? It means the poorer players can afford the spinky pixels easier so why is that bad ? Oh and casual farmers (like me) can still made a bagful of money without too much hassle.
c) It may be harder to get (i disagree) but a 15k armour set is still *not* that hard to get. Play the game and you'll pretty much earn enough for a set without any hassle. Want more sets or FoW then go work for it.
d) granted the dupe fiasco wasnt resolved well but again , why is cheaper stuff bad ?

Alleji

Alleji

Forge Runner

Join Date: Jan 2006

Quote:
Originally Posted by Abedeus
Sadly, that's true. Any game has better economy AND requires more skill than GW PvE - WoW, Diablo 2, Ragnarok Online, Dungeon Runners, you name it.
I can only compare GW's economy to WoW and D2 out of the above list, as I haven't played anything else.

WoW wins, that's out of the question, but I wouldn't say D2's economy is (or, was, when I played it) better than GW's. D2 gold is absolutely worthless, so the trading system is barter-only, you can reach even less people at a time than even with GW's anemic trade channel... yeah... GW is bad, but D2 is worse.

Terraban

Terraban

Krytan Explorer

Join Date: Dec 2007

Quote:
Originally Posted by Bryant Again
And you can still play this game in every aspect just as good as someone in FoW armor with a Crystalline sword.
120% True

I do have a weird view on the subject though....

I believe that games should not become work. When you have to start "working" and doing tedious little things, over and over, for days or months on end to get something that you want, it is no longer a game, it is a job.

However, I do know that games require something to work up to. With nothing to work up to, a game gets very old very fast if its' gameplay is not great.

I am basically against making a game into a job unless the tedious work gives you more enjoyment afterwards....for example:

Diablo 2. I have no items but I like making new characters. A lot of characters can't play through the game without good items. So "working" to get items pays off in the end. Not to mention that I am actually enjoying doing it.

With Guild Wars however, you can grind for months and months on end, and what enjoyment do you get out of it? +5 E-Peen. Turning GW into a job does not pay off well at all, unless you like farming.

Quote:
Originally Posted by Alleji
I can only compare GW's economy to WoW and D2 out of the above list, as I haven't played anything else.

WoW wins, that's out of the question, but I wouldn't say D2's economy is (or, was, when I played it) better than GW's. D2 gold is absolutely worthless, so the trading system is barter-only, you can reach even less people at a time than even with GW's anemic trade channel... yeah... GW is bad, but D2 is worse.
No "economy" can be worse than GW....I mean come on, the most expensive thing in the game is a minipet. If thats not screwed up I don't know what is.

Str0b0

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Feb 2006

North Carolina

N/Me

Quote:
Originally Posted by Abedeus
Sadly, that's true. Any game has better economy AND requires more skill than GW PvE - WoW, Diablo 2, Ragnarok Online, Dungeon Runners, you name it.
I can't believe you put Diablo 2 in that list. 3/20/20's? Come on. When the economy is based around bugged and duped items it's crap, simple as that. When the in game currency no longer suffices and you swap to item based it's broken. Then again GW is pretty broken too but that's mostly because nothing is worth anything anymore. There is no incentive to earn or farm because you don't need to get a whole lot of cash to get pretty much anything. The only thing remotely worthwhile is elite armor and you can get the 75K for that just in a single play through of the main storyline. FoW and Vabbian require rare materials but those materials are so devalued that even light farming will get you the gold necessary to buy them. That is the core of the problem right there with the GW economy. There is no incentive anymore. So what if I bust a hump trying to get a rare skin? Some goober will UB his way through a dungeon and net the same drop from a dungeon chest. There are no uber weapons, no epic gear because of "balance" issues which I find to be laughable in the first place. At least WoW has items that actually have a value beyond vanity and yet somehow the balance is maintained, who'd have thunk it?

In the end why bother trying to get the rare skins and armor if they won't give you any sort of advantage except for minor bragging rights? The answer is there is no reason and that is the problem. In a game with a limited story line like GW the only replay value it has is PvP, which not everyone wants to do, or loot farming. The example of Diablo 2 is pertinent here. Anyone can smoke through the storyline in no time but what kept people playing was the loot, which unlike Guild Wars loot, actually made a difference because you did have those uber items with the uber stats. I know I used to do Baal and Mephisto runs for hours hoping for good drops, complete my Tal set and my enigma off of rune drops and loot drops from those runs.

arsie

Wilds Pathfinder

Join Date: Jun 2007

N/

The only thing bad about the GW economy is that we do not have to choose what kind of stuff we spend on. The default choice is always luxury products.

The GW economy continually print new currency (as long as we play we get paid), while not introducing necessities to spend on. And when everyone can afford luxury products because of their lack of expenses, these luxury products lose their appeal and become common products.

Why aren't we all going around driving Lambourginis? Because we gotta pay the bills, for education, buy groceries, rent and tax. If we ate and lived for free, we'll all be able to afford Lambourginis at some stage, which would make it the new Toyota.

Loot scaling was Anet's way of docking our wages, but without increasing our expenses, we'll eventually still save up for our Tormented Weapon and FoW armour.

Too bad for those people who paid a lot for their stuff earlier. Now your armor and rare weapons are as common as muck.

Alex the Great

Alex the Great

Jungle Guide

Join Date: Feb 2007

America.....got a problem with that?

[Lite]

W/

Quote:
Originally Posted by Abedeus
Sadly, that's true. Any game has better economy AND requires more skill than GW PvE - WoW, Diablo 2, Ragnarok Online, Dungeon Runners, you name it.
i don't know about easyier pve, ever tried HM dungeons?!?

Magikarp

Magikarp

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Nov 2007

[HAWK]

Quote:
Originally Posted by Terraban
No, it is called a video game.

Not a Work Simulator.
you worked for the money to buy the game, because the game isnt free.

if you play professional football, you train for months because in order to win, you have to work, because winning isnt free.

if you want a car, you dont steal it, because then you're a thief, therefore you work for it.

last time i checked, nothing comes for free. you call this a game, fine, but if everyone got everything automatically, no one would play, because there would one, be no challenge, and two, be no seperation in those that take it more seriously, or competitivly, than those that are casual, or even totally in the dark about the game.

get real.

RenegadeFiend

Pre-Searing Cadet

Join Date: Dec 2007

E/Me

The Runescape Economy is far from good. Even though I barely play now, I know about the new updates with the grand exchange and Jagex has messed over every items price in the entire game.

and I don't know how you can say guild wars economy is bad stating that one thing can be so cheap and another so much. Where in Runescape, you can pay 555M (which is years of farming) for an item and as low as 3k for other stuff. I would not call this a good market.

Alex the Great

Alex the Great

Jungle Guide

Join Date: Feb 2007

America.....got a problem with that?

[Lite]

W/

o, ya, and runescape now sucks more than it used to cause they took away pking and made a anti scam trading thing.

my brother plays it ok!!!

{IceFire}

{IceFire}

Forge Runner

Join Date: Oct 2005

W/

Runescape sucks, so it doesn't matter.

Terraban

Terraban

Krytan Explorer

Join Date: Dec 2007

Quote:
Originally Posted by Magikarp
you worked for the money to buy the game, because the game isnt free.

if you play professional football, you train for months because in order to win, you have to work, because winning isnt free.

if you want a car, you dont steal it, because then you're a thief, therefore you work for it.

last time i checked, nothing comes for free. you call this a game, fine, but if everyone got everything automatically, no one would play, because there would one, be no challenge, and two, be no seperation in those that take it more seriously, or competitivly, than those that are casual, or even totally in the dark about the game.

get real.
Huh?

You play a game to have fun, that is why you buy it.
You do not buy a game to do tedious work that you do not like.

Changing a game into work is stupid. Almost as bad as your analogies. Seriously dude, they are BAD.

UnKn0wN415

UnKn0wN415

Frost Gate Guardian

Join Date: Oct 2007

Bay Area

Looking 4 PvP Guild!

R/

the economy is fine the way it is in my view...

dont know how people are saying this, is it because of the rare skins for are high price?? I dont get it I mean at the end of the day skins will end up having the same mods as one you can buy for cheaper price...

ogre_jd

Wilds Pathfinder

Join Date: Feb 2008

Canadia

W/

Quote:
Originally Posted by UnKn0wN415
the economy is fine the way it is in my view...

dont know how people are saying this, is it because of the rare skins for are high price?? I dont get it I mean at the end of the day skins will end up having the same mods as one you can buy for cheaper price...
And that's what annoys many people complaining about the economy, I'll bet: no way to get rich by hoarding things people need in order to compete at anything beyond the most basic levels... (which also, of course, would have the side-effect of cutting down on the competition to their own characters when it comes to PvP)

masta_yoda

masta_yoda

Banned

Join Date: Feb 2007

most hated players in the [game]

R/Mo

Quote:
Originally Posted by garethporlest18
Because Runescape requires more skill of course.
wrong runescape is autopilot fighting

Dr Imperial

Dr Imperial

Lion's Arch Merchant

Join Date: Jul 2006

[DVDF]

Wanna know why the GW economy is bad?

Because too many people like all of us here are spending so much time whining about GW's problems when you could be trading/farming.

Really, with all due respect, there are too many whiners. Sit down for an hour or two - farm - earn money.

Cheers.

Oh and btw, Runescape is the worst MMO to ever come across the internet, and doesn't even deserve to be compared to GW. So don't.

CyberNigma

Jungle Guide

Join Date: Jan 2006

San Antonio, TX

W/R

Quote:
Originally Posted by masta_yoda
wrong runescape is autopilot fighting
not directed at you per se, but you bring up a point..

I think if you want to play a computer game about skill, you can either play a strategy game (turn-based so you can think it out), or you can go and play a game where you actually have to aim at your targets - Tabula Rasa is close, and any FPS. The strategy games actually take into account economy as well.

The outside joke about GW is you don't even have to run to your targets. You can literally select a target and let the computer run to it for you (well when it doesn't get stuck). I don't mind that, but don't think there's a lot more skill involved. Even WoW is not an aiming game, you merely have to face your opponent.

EDIT: In fact, you can download America's Army without payment.

Darksun

Darksun

Jungle Guide

Join Date: May 2005

USA

Karr's Castle

W/E

Quote:
Originally Posted by fanatic 's faith
It's a fact that this f2p game has a better economy then guildwars ATM
You can say anything is a fact online and someone will be dumb enough to believe it.

garethporlest18

garethporlest18

Forge Runner

Join Date: Jan 2006

[HiDe]

W/

Quote:
Originally Posted by masta_yoda
wrong runescape is autopilot fighting
I was being sarcastic. But the mobs in GW are seriously stupid as all get out.

The Meth

The Meth

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Jan 2007

R/

Guild wars has a "bad economy", as you say, because it doesn't need an economy at all.

If right this instant all player trading was disabled, a completely new player could play just fine and get max armor and weapons very easily during the course of normal gameplay with little or no grind. Any use of in game trading is purely optional.

maraxusofk

maraxusofk

Desert Nomad

Join Date: Aug 2005

San Francisco, UC Berkeley

International District [id多], In Soviet Russia Altar Caps You [CCCP], LOL at [eF]

W/

Quote:
Originally Posted by fanatic 's faith
WRONG. The gw economy is like this. 0.01% (or less) can affort fow/... due to early start of playing/now powertrading because they have much mony.
some 50% has less then 50plat most of the time the other people can get much mony, but still won't be able to get anywhere near the 0.01% wich have stacks of ectos/armbraces/... Thats wrong.
and runescape doesnt? i quit the game ALONG time ago and i started in like 1997. i had full party hats which according to ppl that still play is like the panda equivalent of runescape. early start in any game = gg. (shortly after i realized though i sold the account for 300 usd)

Quote:
Originally Posted by Terraban
They were that high when I started trying to make mine...

Remember making a 55 necro to save up for monk runes which were around 65-70k each, which was when they started getting cheaper.

Was on American servers, before they combined them all.

Was around August 2005 I think.

Edit: And I agree that they were far from needed, but they were that high.
um i played since may 05 and it never reached that high. sup absorb reached 100k each, and the highest other sup runes reached were around 20-35. the highest merchant items during that time were sigils, sup vigors fluctuating at around 40k, and sup monk runes.

Crom The Pale

Crom The Pale

Furnace Stoker

Join Date: Nov 2006

Ageis Ascending

W/

Keep in mind that GW is a very evolving game, it is far from static and that makes the market very volitile.

Changes not just to skills, but new skins, new types of mods for items and perfect salvage kits, changes to where items drop and the additions of Green items and end of game items/BMP items.

All of this just added to an echonomy that was shaky at the best of times due to the problem of how to unload items you no longer wanted. People could not sell items to merchents, or rather could not get real value from doing so, therefore they flooded the market with all sorts of items of every possible description. When GW started you could play for over a month without ever having a max item drop for you, not because they were rare but because they dropped late in the game. Now you can get them for practically nothing at the very first city you can access storage from, via another char or people that will sell max items for 100g wich is double what the merchants offer.

I have great hopes that GW2 will have a much more stable echonomy and at the same time allow for some flexibility.

bam23

Lion's Arch Merchant

Join Date: Feb 2006

http://www.investorwords.com/2736/law_of_supply.html

What's wrong with the economy?

flyinhigh

Frost Gate Guardian

Join Date: Feb 2007

meh

wtfpwned

N/

what constitutes a "bad economy" personally i think GW has a great economy, everything is cheap, i can get almost anything i want for very little cash, and its not hard to make cash. i think that the people that are QQ'ing about a bad economy are just sore about not being able to jack their prices up. if you want a expensive economy, go play Wow, or eve. leave the cheap economy to GW. leave it alone its fine.

Div

Div

I like yumy food!

Join Date: Jan 2006

Where I can eat yumy food

Dead Alley [dR]

Mo/R

The OP's definition of having a "better economy" is to make farming gold easier, apparently. That's a bad definition.

Tiny Killer

Tiny Killer

Lion's Arch Merchant

Join Date: Apr 2006

Oshkosh, WI USA

Exile Champions of Heroic Order [ECHO]

If the economy is so bad, I wonder why I never run out of money. I spend what I have rather freely and there always seems to be more of it available. If having the money to always get what I need is the result of a poor economy, I am in full favor of a poor economy.